Short History of Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, known as Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of Punjab), was a remarkable warrior, visionary leader, and the founder of the Sikh Empire in Northwest Punjab, India. Born on November 13, 1780, in Gujranwala, Punjab (now in Pakistan), Ranjit Singh demonstrated extraordinary military prowess from a young age. At just 10 years old, he fought alongside his father in battle, earning the name "Ranjit" after their victory. His resilience was also evident in his early survival of a severe case of smallpox, which left him blind in one eye.

Under his reign, from 1801 to 1839, the Sikh Empire flourished, reaching its zenith. Maharaja Ranjit Singh is celebrated for uniting the 12 Misls (confederacies) of Punjab into a powerful and cohesive empire. His leadership was rooted in a deep sense of secularism and justice, creating an empire where people of different religions and beliefs could coexist and prosper. His vision extended beyond merely ruling; his goal was to serve and protect his people from both internal unrest and external threats. One of his first major actions as Maharaja was securing the Khyber Pass, the key route from Afghanistan into India, which had long been used by invaders. By closing this route, he safeguarded his empire from further plunder.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was supported by a loyal and capable team of commanders, most notably Akali Phoola Singh and Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. These leaders played pivotal roles in leading the Khalsa Army to defend the empire’s borders and expand it from Kandahar (Afghanistan) to Leh-Ladakh (Tibet). Ranjit Singh’s army was unique not only because of its military might but also because of its diversity. He embraced modernity and inclusivity, employing commanders from different backgrounds, including French and American officers, to modernize his forces. This modernization made the Khalsa Army a formidable power, one that even the British, who were gradually taking over Indian territories, hesitated to confront during his lifetime.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh's secular outlook extended to his court, which was composed of a mix of Sikh, Muslim, and Hindu ministers, as well as foreign advisors. His ability to unite people from different backgrounds under a common purpose was a hallmark of his leadership. His secular approach and military strength allowed him to maintain peaceful relations with the British, who respected his sovereignty during his lifetime. It was only after his death in 1839 that the British were able to annex Punjab, following the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849).

One of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s most famous achievements was the recovery of the Koh-i-Noor diamond, one of the world’s most renowned gems. Originally taken by Afghan invaders during their plunder of India, the Koh-i-Noor was returned to India as part of a treaty Ranjit Singh negotiated with Shah Shuja Durrani of Afghanistan. However, after the British annexed Punjab in 1849, the diamond was taken to England, where it eventually became part of Queen Elizabeth II’s crown.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s legacy is one of courage, inclusivity, and vision. He not only created a powerful empire but also fostered a spirit of unity and tolerance. His ability to modernize his army, unite diverse people, and protect India’s borders earned him a revered place in history. The British ruled Punjab for only 100 years after his death, a testament to the strength and stability he brought to the region. Today, Maharaja Ranjit Singh is remembered as one of India’s greatest leaders, a true lion of Punjab who transformed his empire into a symbol of strength, justice, and unity.

"Manas ki jaat ek hi pehchanbo - Recognize all Humankind as One"

Guru Gobind Singh, a revered spiritual master, warrior, poet, and philosopher, has left a profound impact on Sikhs and others through his teachings, which have inspired generations.

For Guru Gobind Singh, all religions, genders, and races were equal. He selected the Panj Pyaras (Five Beloved Ones) from various regions of India to form the Khalsa Panth. Remarkably, three of the five were from lower castes, reflecting his commitment to uplifting the marginalized. Throughout his life, Guru Gobind Singh kept the poor and oppressed in his heart, even as he waged battles. His guiding principle was: “Manas ki jaat ek hi pehchanbo” which means: "Recognize all humankind as one."

The Guru faced opposition from kings who refused to join his fight against the Mughals, citing the presence of Shudras (low-caste people) in his army. In response, Guru Gobind Singh declared: “You will be ruled by those whom you call Shudras today. I will be remembered as Din Bandhu (protector of the downtrodden) when power is transferred to them.”

With the birth of the Khalsa, caste and gender barriers were shattered. Women, traditionally seen as wives and mothers, were elevated to equal status with their brothers. They received the same Amrit (baptism), the same Five Ks, and were encouraged to live as Khalsa warriors. Guru Gobind Singh envisioned women not as meek housewives but as fearless, independent warriors. By encouraging women to keep shastars (weapons), he empowered them to participate in the world as equals.

The title Kaur given to women has a deep history. Derived from the word Kanwar, meaning Crown Prince, Kaur gave women an identity independent of their husbands, uplifting their spirits. It is said that Guru Gobind Singh referred to his brave daughters as Sahibzadey (sons) for their valor in battle.

Women played a crucial role in the Sikh tradition. Mata Saheb Kaur, the wife of Guru Gobind Singh, led the Khalsa Panth after his passing. Jathedar Sada Kaur, alongside Maharaja Ranjit Singh, played a pivotal role in establishing the Sikh Empire. Another notable woman in Sikh history is Mata Bhaag Kaur, also known as Mai Bhago, who fought alongside 40 Sikhs in the Battle of Muktsar in 1705 against Mughal forces. She is remembered as the first woman to raise the sword and lead the Khalsa Army against tyranny. After the battle, Guru Gobind Singh granted her wish to stay by his side as his bodyguard, and she accompanied him until his final days.

 

Mata Bhaag Kaur ji fighting with Mughals.

   Mata Sahib Kaur given the gift of Guru Hargobind (Sikhs Sixth Guru) sword

Rani Sada Kaur lead Maharajah Ranjit Singh Army for capturing Lahore Fort

The bravery of women like Mata Bhaag Kaur, Mata Sahib Kaur, and Rani Sada Kaur remains an enduring symbol of Sikh women’s strength and leadership. Rani Sada Kaur, in particular, led Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army in capturing the Lahore Fort, further cementing her legacy.

The legacy of Guru Gobind Singh is best captured by historian W. L. McGregor, who wrote: 

“If we consider the work which Guru Gobind Singh accomplished, both in reforming his religion and instituting a new code of law for his followers, his personal bravery under all circumstances; his persevering endurance amidst difficulties, which would have disheartened others... we need not be surprised that the Sikhs venerate his memory. He was undoubtedly a great man.”

Chakkra a lethal weapon and significance in Sikhism

The Chakkar, also known as Chakram, is a distinctive round steel weapon, typically ranging from 5 to 12 inches in diameter, and varying in thickness. In battle, it is sharpened on the outer edge, while for ceremonial purposes, the outer edge is kept blunt. This quoit-type weapon is hurled or thrown using different methods, such as spinning it around the smooth inner edge with the forefinger or throwing it in a frisbee-like or discus style. The Chakkar has an effective range of 40 to 50 meters, making it a versatile tool in combat.

While the Chakkar is best known as a weapon of the Sikh military from the 16th century onward, its history can be traced back to ancient Indian texts. It is mentioned in the Mahabharata and Ramayana, where the Sudarshana Chakra is depicted as the weapon of the god Vishnu. Additionally, Tamil literature from as early as the 2nd century BC refers to the Chakkar as thikiri, and Lord Krishna is often referred to as Chakra-dhāri or "disc-bearer."

The Chakkar became closely associated with the Sikhs, particularly during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, when it was extensively used by the Nihang warriors. Nihangs were known for wearing Chakkars as part of their attire, often adorning them on their arms, around their necks, or stacked in tiers on their high turbans. This practice, combined with the Sikhs' formidable skills with the weapon, solidified its place in Sikh martial tradition.

Historical accounts, such as those of the Portuguese chronicler Duarte Barbosa in 1516, describe the Chakkar being used in the Delhi Sultanate. He provides a vivid description of the weapon, noting how skilled fighters would carry several Chakkars on their left arm, spinning and hurling them with great precision and dexterity, capable of inflicting serious damage to their enemies.

The effectiveness of the Chakkar in battle depended on its size. Regular steel Chakkars, measuring around 15 centimeters in diameter, could be thrown up to 60 meters, while brass Chakkars, with their superior airfoil design, had a range of over 100 meters. The circular design allowed the weapon to cut through the air without being easily affected by wind, making it highly aerodynamic. In battle, Chakkars were often thrown vertically to prevent accidentally hitting an ally, and warriors could throw them one after another from a stack, similar to shuriken. On horseback or from an elephant, the Chakkar was easier to deploy than arrows or spears, enhancing its utility in warfare.

One of the most iconic methods of throwing the Chakkar is known as tajani. In this technique, the Chakkar is twirled on the index finger of an upraised hand and released with a flick of the wrist. The spinning motion adds both power and range to the throw, while ensuring the wielder doesn't cut themselves on the sharp edge. Skilled warriors could twirl the Chakkar with one hand while simultaneously wielding another weapon. This technique was perfected by the Nihangs, who employed a specific formation to protect the Chakkar-wielder in battle.

The Chakkar came in various sizes, with smaller chakri being worn on the wrists or arms and used like knuckledusters in close combat, breaking or cutting an opponent’s arms while grappling. Larger vada chakras were worn around the neck and could be thrown or dropped vertically onto an opponent. Chakkars worn in the turban could also be used to rake across an enemy’s face or eyes during a fight.

Today, the Chakkar remains a potent symbol in Sikhism, prominently displayed on the Nishan Sahib, the Sikh holy flag that flies outside all gurdwaras (places of worship). The Khanda, a Sikh emblem, incorporates the Chakkar in its design, representing the eternal nature of God. The Chakkar, with its circular form that has no beginning or end, symbolizes the perfection of the divine, embodying the ideals of eternity and timelessness in Sikh theology.

Sikh Nishan Sahib

Significance of Falcon or Baaz in Sikhism.

In Sikhism, the falcon, or Baaz, symbolizes the principle of "Sikhan da mann nevan mat uchi," which means "May the Sikhs always remain humble, yet possess sublime wisdom." This representation encapsulates the dual qualities of humility and sharp intellect that every Sikh should strive to embody.

The Tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, is famously referred to as "Chittey Baaza Vala," or "The Keeper of the White Falcon." The white falcon, in this context, became an iconic symbol of strength, nobility, and vision. Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s association with the Baaz reflects his efforts to instill a sense of dignity, valor, and moral fortitude in his followers. He taught his Sikhs that true worth lies not just in physical strength but also in upholding righteousness with humility and grace.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji's regal bearing was also reflected in the way he conducted himself as an Emperor. Another title bestowed upon him is "Shah-e-Shehanshah," meaning "The King of Kings." This title signified his authority, not in terms of material power, but in spiritual leadership and moral sovereignty. Guru Ji held court (Darbar) where he would meet with both the rich and the poor, treating everyone with the same respect. Whether meeting kings and rajas or the needy, his message remained one of justice, equality, and unwavering courage.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji always appeared fully armed (Shastardhari), with weapons symbolizing his readiness to defend righteousness. He sat on the Takhat (Throne) during his court sessions, exemplifying leadership grounded in both humility and strength. His royal appearance, combined with the grace of the white falcon, created a powerful image that remains deeply etched in the hearts of Sikhs.

The image of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, adorned with a sword, quiver of arrows, and shield, wearing a Kalgi (royal plume) on his turban, and holding the white falcon, is a vivid and potent symbol for Sikhs. This imagery not only represents his martial prowess but also his dedication to protecting the oppressed, guiding his followers toward justice, and inspiring them to live with both courage and humility. The falcon, perched on his arm, serves as a reminder of the balance between power and wisdom, embodying the values he imparted to his Sikhs.

What is Khalsa Army.

"Khalsa Akaal Purakh Ki Fauj" translates to "The Khalsa is the army of the Almighty," a phrase originating from the words of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru. The concept of the Khalsa, established by Guru Gobind Singh, represents the ideal of the Sant-Sipahi, or Saint-Soldier, whose duty is not only to protect but also to serve humanity, transcending religious or social boundaries. The Khalsa's role is to embody and act upon the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, rooted in charity, love, and service to all.

The Purpose of the Khalsa

Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa in 1699 with a clear and powerful mission: to act as the army of God, defending the rights and freedoms of everyone, not just Sikhs. The Khalsa is meant to uphold justice, stand against oppression, and always adhere to the ethical principles laid out in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the central religious scripture of Sikhism.

The Khalsa's duties are vast and encompass more than just military defense. The Khalsa is expected to serve the greater good, to live a life in accordance with Gurbani (the Guru's teachings), and to embody the virtues of humility, love, and selfless service. This mission of serving the world requires a universal approach, where the Khalsa reaches out to all of humanity, not limiting their service to a particular community, belief system, or group.

The Responsibilities of the Khalsa

Being part of the Khalsa is not merely a religious title; it comes with immense responsibilities. As Guru Gobind Singh Ji emphasized, the Khalsa is meant to serve all of humanity. If the Khalsa begins to narrow its focus and serves only a select few, it strays from its path and fails in its duties to the Guru and God. The Guru’s vision for the Khalsa is to be a force that uplifts, defends, and cares for the entire world.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid out this vision clearly, stating:

"Khalsa is God's Army. It is sustained by the Will of the Almighty. While the Khalsa remains pure, I will give it all my strength. But if it begins to follow the wrong path, I will no longer offer my support."

These words remind the Khalsa that its strength lies in purity, in following the righteous path of God, and in selfless service. The moment the Khalsa begins to act selfishly or imitate the ways of those who stray from righteousness, it loses its divine support and purpose.

Khalsa and Hukam: Following God's Command

In Sikh philosophy, Hukam refers to the command or divine will of God, also referred to as Akal Purakh. For the Khalsa, following Hukam is essential to their identity. As outlined in the Sikh scripture, Japji Sahib, one must walk in the path of Hukam meaning to live in harmony with God's will and to accept both joy and sorrow with grace.

The Khalsa, as soldiers of Akal Purakh, must adhere strictly to this divine command. A person who runs away from Hukam, who seeks to avoid their responsibilities, cannot be considered part of the Khalsa. The Khalsa is tasked with protecting both themselves and others from evil, standing up for truth and justice, and always acting under the command of the Almighty.

The Legacy of the Khalsa

Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa as a powerful symbol of divine strength and spiritual purity. The Khalsa is not merely a group of warriors but a community of individuals who have dedicated their lives to serving humanity and following the will of God. In doing so, they exemplify the virtues of a Saint-Soldier, living a life that balances spiritual devotion with the courage to defend those who cannot defend themselves.

The true power of the Khalsa lies not just in its martial strength but in its commitment to the broader principles of justice, equality, and service. Only when the Khalsa serves the entire world, without bias or selfish motives, can it truly fulfill its role as "Akaal Purakh Ki Fauj," the army of the Almighty.

 

Baba Banda Singh Bhadur leading Khalsa Army in battle of Sirhind in 1710.